Evolution of Cartography

The earliest maps presented diverse and abstract representations of reality. They used very different medium than we do today today, and are sometimes quite difficult to see as maps today.

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References

Gartner, W. (1998). Mapmaking in the Central Andes (pp. 257–300).

Jorge, M. del C., Williams, B. J., Garza-Hume, C. E., & Olvera, A. (2011). Mathematical accuracy of Aztec land surveys assessed from records in the Codex Vergara. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 108(37), 15053–15057. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1107737108

Lewis, G. M. (2008). Maps and Mapmaking of the Native North Americans. In H. Selin (Ed.), Encyclopaedia of the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine in Non-Western Cultures (pp. 1322–1325). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4020-4425-0_9029

Schulze Bäing, A. (2014). Spatial Analysis. In A. C. Michalos (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Quality of Life and Well-Being Research (pp. 6259–6261). Springer Netherlands. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-007-0753-5_2818

Smith, C. D. (1982). The Emergence of “Maps” in European Rock Art: A Prehistoric Preoccupation with Place. Imago Mundi, 34, 9–25. JSTOR.

Washburn, D. K. (2000). Cartography in the Traditional African, American, Arctic, Australian, and Pacific Societies. American Anthropologist, 102(1), 151–152.